Galvani

The Scottish chemist and inventor Robert Davidson built Galvani, the world's very first electric locomotive way back in 1842. Although largely forgotten now, and in many ways a technical dead-end, Galvani ran at over six kilometres per hour along the Glasgow to Edinburgh railway line in 1842, just a couple of decades after steam locomotives had become a viable means of traction. However, Galvani was destroyed by steam engineers who were worried that this new electric locomotive would make their only slightly less new locomotives obsolete [1].

Information
Number built:	1
Built:	1842
Builder:	Robert Davidson
Motor:	Battery electric

After Faraday had shown how electricity could be made to generate mechanical movement, Davidson constructed his own batteries and began his own experiments. By 1837 he had built his own electric motors [2] and used them to power a model railway and a lathe, amongst with other equipment in an exhibition held in 1840 in his native Aberdeen. In 1842 Davidson built the full-size electric locomotive Galvani.

Galvani was powered by large lead zinc batteries with an acid electrolyte [3]. The motor consisted of electromagnets around a revolving log to which were attached iron bars, one log for each axle. A switch turned the electromagnets off when the iron bars were in opposition. Davidson experimented with the number of batteries needed, eventually fitted seventy six cells. Galvani wasn't a tiny machine, it was nearly five metres long and weighed nearly five and a half thousand kilograms. Galvani was powerful enough to haul itself and a coach.

However, Galvani was a technical dead-end. The batteries were single use, rechargable batteries had not yet been invented. Galvani burned through it's batteries like a steam locomotive burned coal, though many times more expensively.

After the unfortunate destruction of Galvani, Davidson was unable to find investors to continue his development. Happily however Davidson was long-lived and in the 1890s was able to see his vision vindicated with the arrival of electric railways like the City & South London Railway. He was "re-discovered" and feted by the press as the inventor of electric railways [5].

Galvani [4]

Galvani [1]

[1] "The Earliest Electric Railway", Electrical World Vol. 16 (1890) Jul-Dec p. 276
[2] "Mr Davidson's electro-magnetic experiments", The Mechanics' Magazine, Vol. 33 (1840) p. 92.
[3] R.L. Vickers, DC Electric Trains and Locomotives in the British Isles (David & Charles, 1986)  p. 13
[4] T. du Moncel, Electricity as a Motive Power (London, 1883) Fig. 32
[5] John S. Reid, "Robert Davidson - pioneer electrician", The Scientific Tourist: Aberdeen